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Volume IV of A Study of History is part of the monumental multi-volume historical analysis by Arnold J. Toynbee. In this work, Toynbee advances his theory that civilizations rise and fall according to a pattern of “challenge and response.”

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245: $a: A Study of History – Volume IV
245: $b:
082: $a:
100: $a: Arnold J. Toynbee
650: $a: Philosophy of History
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440: $v:
250: $b: Oxford University Press
250: $c: 1939
020: $a: 1939–1951
300: $a: 683