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Volume IX of Arnold J. Toynbee’s major comparative study of civilizations, continuing his multi-volume analysis of the rise, development, interaction, and transformation of world societies. This volume further develops his theoretical framework of civilizational patterns, including cross-cultural contacts and historical processes shaping societal change.

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245: $a: A Study of History (Volume IX)
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100: $a: Arnold J. Toynbee
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250: $b: Oxford University Press
250: $c: 1954
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